This involves using question word order after an adverbial with a negative or restrictive meaning comes at the begining of the sentences. These structures are usually only used in formal speeech and writing. Note that all of these adverbials can be used without inversion if they come in the normal position.
I have never seen a more obvious case of cheating! (normal position)
Never have I seen a more obvious case of cheating!
rarely
Rarely does such a rare painting come on the market.
seldom
Seldom has a scientific discovery had such an impact.
No sooner...than
No sooner had I shut the door than I realized I had left my keys inside.
Hardly...when
Hardly had the play started when there was a disturbance in the audience.
Scarcely...when (than)
Scarcely had they entered the castle when there was a huge explosion.
Only after, only when, only later, only then, only
Only Jane managed to finish the project on time. (no inversion)
Only in a city as large as this can you find so many foreign restaurantes.
On no condition, under no circumstances, on no account, at no time, in no way
Under no circumstances is this door to be left unlocked.
Not only...but also
Not only did he lose all the money, but he also found himself in debt.
Not until
Not until he stopped to rest did Mary realize that she had been wounded.
Not until the building had been made safe could anyone go back inside.
Little
Little did anyone suspect what was about to happen.
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Adverbial Clauses
Time
- Adverbial time clauses are introduced by time conjunctions: when, after, as as soon as, before, by the time, during the time, immediately, the moment, now, once, since, till/until, whenever, while.
Ex. Jane started to play the piano when she was six.
Keep the book for as long as you like.
- If the clause comes first, we usually put a comma after it.
Ex. The moment he came into the room, I recognized him.
- In adverbial time clauses referring to the future we do not use will; we use present simple, or present perfect to emphasize completion.
Ex. Let me know as soon as you've finished.
** Note that we can use will future in relative clauses begining with when.
Ex. Can you let me know when you'll be coming back.
Place
- Introduced by where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere. Clauses beginning where normally come after the main clause.
Ex. There is an impressive monument where the battle was fought.
Everywhere David goes, people ask him for his autograph.
Manner
- Introduced by as, and normally coming after the main clause.
Ex. I took the train, as you recommended.
- Introduced by the way in colloquial English.
Ex. You didn't write this the way I told you to.
- Often used in comparisons with (in) the way (that), (in) the same way (as)
Ex. You're not doing it in the same way that you did it before.
- As if and as though can be used after be, act, appear, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste.
Ex. He acted as if he had seen a ghost.
Reason
- Introduced by as, because, since, seeing (that).
Ex. Because I'm late, I won't be able to meet you after all.
- Introduced by for, but coming after the main clause. This is often formal or literary.
Ex. They said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid.
Contrast
- Introduced by although, though, even though, considering (that).
Ex. Even though Tim goes to fitness classes, he is a very poor runner.
- Introduced by while, whereas, in formal speech and writing, and by much as, usually followed by verbs of liking etc.
Ex. Much as / While we appreciate your work, I'm afraid we have to let you go.
- however + adjective
Ex. We are determined to complete the project, however, difficult it is.
- no matter + question word
Ex. No matter where you live, the weather will have some effect on you.
- wh-question word + -ever
Ex. Whenever you live, the weather will have some effect on you.
Purpose
- Introduced by so (that) usually followed by a modal auxiliary.
Ex. I asked you to come early so (that) we could discuss last night's meeting.
- Introduced by in order that in formal speech and writing.
Ex. Legislation is needed in order that this problem may be dealt with effectively.
- So as (not) to is uded with infinitive constructions.
Ex. I closed the door quietly so as not to disturb anyone.
- Introduced by in case, meaning "to be prepared for a possible event".
Ex. We turned down the music in case it disturbed the neighbours.
Result
- Introduced by so + adjective / adverb + that, or such (a) + (adjective) + noun + that.
Ex. He is so tall that he can easily touch the ceiling.
- Introduced by so much / many / few / little + that
Ex. There were so many people in the room that some had to sit on the floor.
- In reduced clauses.
Ex. He is so tall! He is such a tall boy!
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